Course 412: T1/T3 Fundamentals

Understand fractional T1 applications, implementation and operation and evaluate T1 voice and data interface options, applications and performance criteria.

Executive Overview

• Key technical features
• Market Motivation
• Business Applications
• Vendors
• Interoperability, scalability, and future proof
• Benefits
• T1 Networking 
• The Development of the T-Carrier System 
• T1 Fundamentals
• Digital Networking Standards
• Extended Superframe Format
• T1 Equipment
• T1 Applications
• T3 Networking
• T3 Fundamentals
• T3 Formats, Standards, and Protocols 
• T1 and T3 Equipment
• T3 Applications
• Media Use for T1 andt T3
• The basics of digital carrier systems
• Timing and synchronization in digital networks
• SONET
• Payload mapping and management
• Topologies and configurations, including add-drop and cross-connect
• Operations, administration and maintenance of digital networks

Applying analog and digital techniques

• Bandwidth, loss, frequency response
• AMI, B8ZS, NRZ, AM, FM, PSK, QAM
• Sync and async transmission

T1/T3 Introduction

• Origins of T1
• What Is Fractional T1?
• What Is T3?
• Benefits of Digital Carriers
• Digital Signal Hierarchy (DS0–DS4)
• E Carrier Comparison to T Carrier
• Analog to Digital Conversion
• Technical References and Standards
• Transmission Fundamentals
• T1 Channel Banks
• T1 DSU/CSUs
• 56/64Kbps
• DSU/CSUs
• Multiplexers
• Voice/data DSUs

T1/T3/E3 Components

• DS1 and DS3 Characteristics
• Digital Carrier Signal Coding Options
• Signal Levels and Standards
• Channel Service Units (CSU)
• Data Service Units (DSU)
• Combined CSUs/DSUs
• T1 Multiplexers 
• T1 Multiplexer Functions
• Technical Aspects of T1 Multiplexers
• Multiplexer Types, Commercial Products
• Equipment Trends
• Corporate Backbone Network Switches and Fast Packet Switching Technology 
• Multiplexers (MUX)
• Channel Banks
• B7Sub/B8Sub
• Zero Code Suppression (ZCS)
• AMI
• ZBTSI
• B8ZS
• HDB3/B3ZS
• Digital Carrier Framing Options
• D1/D1D/D2/D3/D4â€â€�History
• Super Frame (SF)
• Extended Super Frame (ESF)
• ESF Cyclic redundancy checks
• ESF Data Link Bits
• E1 Multi-frame
• T3 C-bit and M13
• Formatted vs. Non-formatted

T1/E1 equipment

• DS-1 and E1 rates and formats
• The 56-kbit/s limitation
• T-Extender
• 4-wire T1
• 4200 Access unit/DACS
• 4300 mini-DACS
• FT fractional DSU/CSU
• 2500 DSU/CSU  
• ESF and error monitoring
• Fractional services

Digital Transmission

• Networking Components
  • T1/T3 Hierarchy
  • SONET Line Rates
• Signaling
  • In-Band and Out-of-Band
  • Bit Robbing
  • PBX Signaling
  • ABCD Signaling Bits
  • Facility Data Link
  • Clock Timing

S1/DS3 Frame Structure

• DS1 Frame Format
• Super Frame (D4 or SF) and Extended Super Frame (ESF)
• DS3 Frame Format

Line Encoding Structure

• Alternate Mark Inversion
• Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion
• Bipolar Signaling Violations
• Ones Density
• Zero Suppression Techniques
• Bipolar With N-Zero Substitution (BNZS)

Transmitting Voice and Data

• Application Examples
  • PBX Internetworking
  • Private Numbering Plan
  • On-Net to Off-Net Dialing
  • Dedicated T1 Inter-Exchange Carrier
• Integrated Voice and Data Network
  • Disaster Recovery
  • Time of Day Rerouting

Transmitting Video

• Application Examples
  • Point-to-Point Video Conferencing
  • Distance Extension Technology for V.35 and RS-449
• Integrated Access - Voice, Data, Video

Installing T1/T3

• Equipment Configuration
• Network Interface
• Serial Ports
• DSX-1 Port
• Self-Testing the Network Equipment (CPE)

• T1/E1/T3
• Multiplexers
• Channel Banks
• M24
• M13/M12/M23â€â€�T3 Generation
• M44/M55â€â€�ADPCM
• Sub-rate Multiplexing
• DSO-A/DSO-B
• Data Service Unit (DSU)
• Channel Service Unit (CSU)
• Network Interface Units
• Line and Office Repeaters
• Central Office Equipment
• DACS/DCS
• Drop and insert
• DSX bays
• Digital Link Carriers
• Subscriber Link Carriers

Point-To-Point Configuration

• Carrier Systems - A Telephony View
• User Perspective of DS1/T1 Connectivity
• Point-to-Point Fractional DS1/T1 Systems
• Point-To-Point Configuration
  • Test Pattern Descriptions
  • Utility Pattern Descriptions
• Point-to-Point DS3/T3 Systems
• DS3 Frame Formats
• DS3 Electrical Characteristics
• DS4NA Signals
• User Applications

T1/T3 Solutions and Configurations

• Point-to-Point Connections
• Frame Relay or ATM
• Access to Nodal Services
• Accessing the Internet
• Reducing Long Distance Costs
• T1 to PBX Internetworking
• T1/E1/T3 Signal Components
• What is SONET?
• Differences between PDH and SDH
• Scalable capacity
• Add-drop multiplexing
• SONET/SDH rings
• Definition of SONET
• SONET Hierarchy
• SONET Network Elements
• SONET Channel Decode
• Overhead bits
• Virtual tributaries
• SONET Coding and Framing
• SONET Topologies and Networking
• Use with New and Future Technologies
• WDM and DWDM

Interfacing to Voice and Data

• Interfacing Voice
• Analog Circuit Specifications
• Channel Structure
• Signaling and Supervision
• A/B/C/D bits
• Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
• SS7
• M44/M55 ADPCM
• Interfacing Data
• Input Standards
• RS-232 through EIA/TIA-232-F
• V.35
• EIA-530
• EIA-499 and components
• LAN and WAN Input Standards
• Output Standards
• Network Options
• Use of T1 Standards in ISDN
• Basic Rate Interface
• Primary Rate Interface

T1 and T3 Services

• Types of Service Providers
  • Local Exchange Carriers
  • Inter-Exchange Carriers
  • Access Providers
• Ordering Carrier Services
• Costs and Tariffs
  • Pricing Components
  • Distance Calculations

Testing and Maintenance

• T1/T3/SONET Tests
• Carrier Alarm Structure
• Error Checking
• Bit errors
• Errored seconds
• Severely errored seconds
• Performance Objectives
• Remote Testing Alternatives

Implementation

• Technical, Financial and Operational Differences of T1/T3 and SONET Options
• Interfacing of Video Options
• Future Options and Technologies